Category: Cities

  • ะ ัƒััะบะธะน ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ: ะกะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะผะตัั‚ะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฟะพะนะผัƒั‚ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฝะฐัˆะธ

    ะ ัƒััะบะธะน ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ: ะกะตะบั€ะตั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะผะตัั‚ะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฟะพะนะผัƒั‚ ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ะฝะฐัˆะธ

    ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ โ€“ ะณะพั€ะพะด, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ะฝะต ะฝัƒะถะดะฐะตั‚ัั ะฒ ะฟั€ะตะดัั‚ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะธะธ. La tour Eiffel, Le Louvre ะธ Les Champs-ร‰lysรฉes ะธะทะฒะตัั‚ะฝั‹ ะบะฐะถะดะพะผัƒ ัˆะบะพะปัŒะฝะธะบัƒ. ะžะดะฝะฐะบะพ, ะทะฐ ัั‚ะพะน ะณะปัะฝั†ะตะฒะพะน ะพะฑะปะพะถะบะพะน ัะบั€ั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚ัั ัะพะฒะตั€ัˆะตะฝะฝะพ ะธะฝะพะน ะณะพั€ะพะด โ€“ ะณะพั€ะพะด, ะฒั‹ัั‚ั€ะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ั€ัƒััะบะธะผะธ ัะผะธะณั€ะฐะฝั‚ะฐะผะธ, ะฐั€ะธัั‚ะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะฐะผะธ, ั…ัƒะดะพะถะฝะธะบะฐะผะธ ะธ ะฟะพัั‚ะฐะผะธ, ะฑะตะถะฐะฒัˆะธะผะธ ะพั‚ ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธะธ ะธ ะธัะบะฐะฒัˆะธะผะธ ัะฟะฐัะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ะฑะตั€ะตะณะฐั… ะกะตะฝั‹.

    ะœั‹ ะฟั€ะธะฒั‹ะบะปะธ ัั‡ะธั‚ะฐั‚ัŒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ ัั‚ะพะปะธั†ะตะน ะผะพะดั‹ ะธ ะธัะบัƒััั‚ะฒะฐ, ะฝะพ ะดะปั ะฝะฐั ัั‚ะพ ะตั‰ั‘ ะธ ะณะพั€ะพะด-ะฐั€ั…ะธะฒ. ะ—ะดะตััŒ ะฝะฐ ะบะฐะถะดะพะผ ัˆะฐะณัƒ ะผะพะถะฝะพ ะฝะฐะนั‚ะธ ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธั‡ะตัะบะพะต ะฝะฐัะปะตะดะธะต ยซั‚ะพะน ัะฐะผะพะนยป ะ ะพััะธะธ ะธ ัะปะตะดั‹ ัะปะพะถะฝะพะณะพ ะดะธะฐะปะพะณะฐ ะ ะพััะธะธ ะธ ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ะธะธ.

    ะœะพัั‚ ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ะฐ III ะธ ั‚ะฐะนะฝั‹ ะผะตั‚ั€ะพ

    ะŸะพะถะฐะปัƒะน, ัะฐะผั‹ะน ะบั€ะฐัะธะฒั‹ะน ะผะพัั‚ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะฐ โ€“ Le pont Alexandre-III (ะœะพัั‚ ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ะฐ III) โ€“ ะฝะฐะทะฒะฐะฝ ะฒ ั‡ะตัั‚ัŒ ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ะธะผะฟะตั€ะฐั‚ะพั€ะฐ. ะ•ะณะพ ัั‚ั€ะพะธะปะธ ะฒ 1900 ะณะพะดัƒ ะบะฐะบ ัะธะผะฒะพะป ั„ั€ะฐะฝะบะพ-ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ัะพัŽะทะฐ. ะญั‚ะพ ะผะฐััะธะฒะฝะพะต, ั‚ัะถะตะปะพะฒะตัะฝะพะต ัะพะพั€ัƒะถะตะฝะธะต ั ะทะพะปะพั‚ั‹ะผะธ ัะบัƒะปัŒะฟั‚ัƒั€ะฐะผะธ. ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทั‹ ั‡ะฐัั‚ะพ ะฝะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ ะผะพัั‚ ะบะธั‚ั‡ะตะผ, ะฝะพ ะดะปั ะฝะฐั ัั‚ะพ โ€“ ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ะพะต ะฟั€ะธะทะฝะฐะฝะธะต ัะพะฒะผะตัั‚ะฝะพะน ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธะธ.

    ะ ะฒะพั‚ ะดะปั ะฑะพะปะตะต ะฟั€ะพะดะฒะธะฝัƒั‚ั‹ั… ะทะฝะฐั‚ะพะบะพะฒ ะตัั‚ัŒ ยซะฟะพะดะทะตะผะฝั‹ะนยป ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ. ะ’ั‹ ะบะพะณะดะฐ-ะฝะธะฑัƒะดัŒ ะพะฑั€ะฐั‰ะฐะปะธ ะฒะฝะธะผะฐะฝะธะต ะฝะฐ ะฝะฐะทะฒะฐะฝะธั ัั‚ะฐะฝั†ะธะน ะผะตั‚ั€ะพ? Stalingrad, Sรฉbastopol, Crimรฉe โ€“ ัั‚ะพ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพ ัะปะพะฒะฐ. ะญั‚ะพ ะพั‚ะณะพะปะพัะบะธ ะšั€ั‹ะผัะบะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝั‹ ะธ ะ’ั‚ะพั€ะพะน ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน. ะกั‚ะฐะฝั†ะธั ยซะšั€ั‹ะผยป ะฝะฐะฟั€ัะผัƒัŽ ะพั‚ัั‹ะปะฐะตั‚ ะบ ะฑะธั‚ะฒะต, ะณะดะต ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทั‹ ะบะพะณะดะฐ-ั‚ะพ ะฒะพะตะฒะฐะปะธ ั ั€ัƒััะบะธะผะธ, ะฐ ัะตะณะพะดะฝั ะผั‹ ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพ ะฒั‹ั…ะพะดะธะผ ะธะท ะฒะฐะณะพะฝะฐ ะธ ะธะดั‘ะผ ะฟะธั‚ัŒ ะบะพั„ะต. ะญั‚ะพ ะธ ะตัั‚ัŒ ั‚ะฐ ัะฐะผะฐั ยซั‚ะฐะนะฝะฐั ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธัยป, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะผะตัั‚ะฝั‹ะต ะถะธั‚ะตะปะธ ัƒะถะต ะฝะต ะทะฐะผะตั‡ะฐัŽั‚.

    ะ”ัƒั…ะพะฒะฝั‹ะต ะผะฐัะบะธ

    ะ›ัŽะฑะพะน ั‚ัƒั€ะธัั‚, ะพะบะฐะทะฐะฒัˆะธััŒ ะฒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะต, ะฝะตะธะทะฑะตะถะฝะพ ะฝะฐั‚ั‹ะบะฐะตั‚ัั ะฝะฐ ะทะพะปะพั‚ั‹ะต ะบัƒะฟะพะปะฐ ะฝะฐ ะฝะฐะฑะตั€ะตะถะฝะพะน ะ‘ั€ะฐะฝะปะธ. ะญั‚ะพ Cathรฉdrale de la Sainte-Trinitรฉ de Paris (ะšะฐั„ะตะดั€ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ัะพะฑะพั€ ะกะฒัั‚ะพะน ะขั€ะพะธั†ั‹) โ€“ ัะธะผะฒะพะป ะฝะพะฒะพะน ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ั‹ะน ะฒ 2016 ะณะพะดัƒ. ะกั‚ั€ะพะธะปะธ ะตะณะพ ะฝะฐ ั€ะพััะธะนัะบะธะต ะดะตะฝัŒะณะธ, ะทะพะปะพั‚ะพ ะบัƒะฟะพะปะพะฒ ะฟั€ะธะณะปัƒัˆะธะปะธ ะฟะฐะปะปะฐะดะธะตะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะฝะต ะบะพะฝั„ะปะธะบั‚ะพะฒะฐั‚ัŒ ั ะฟะพะทะพะปะพั‚ะพะน ะผะพัั‚ะฐ Le pont Alexandre-III (ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ะฐ III). ะ’ะฝัƒั‚ั€ะธ โ€“ ะฑะตะปั‹ะต ัั‚ะตะฝั‹, ะบะฐะบ ะฒ ะดั€ะตะฒะฝะตะผ ะะพะฒะณะพั€ะพะดะต, ะธ ัƒะดะธะฒะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะต ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒะพ ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพั€ะฐ.

    ะžะดะฝะฐะบะพ ะตัะปะธ ะฒะฐะผ ะฝัƒะถะฝะฐ ะฝะฐัั‚ะพัั‰ะฐั, ยซัั‚ะฐั€ะฐัยป ะ ะพััะธั, ะพั‚ะฟั€ะฐะฒะปัะนั‚ะตััŒ ะฒ 8-ะน ะพะบั€ัƒะณ. La cathรฉdrale Saint-Alexandre-Nevsky (ะกะพะฑะพั€ ะกะฒัั‚ะพะณะพ ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ะฐ ะะตะฒัะบะพะณะพ) โ€“ ั‚ะพั‚ ัะฐะผั‹ะน ั…ั€ะฐะผ, ะณะดะต ะฒ 1918 ะณะพะดัƒ ะฒะตะฝั‡ะฐะปะธััŒ ะŸะธะบะฐััะพ ะธ ะžะปัŒะณะฐ ะฅะพั…ะปะพะฒะฐ. ะžะฝ ะฑั‹ะป ะฟะพัั‚ั€ะพะตะฝ ะตั‰ั‘ ะฒ 1861 ะณะพะดัƒ, ะธ ะตะณะพ ะทะพะปะพั‚ั‹ะต ะบัƒะฟะพะปะฐ ะฒ ั„ะพั€ะผะต ัะฒะตั‡ะตะน โ€“ ะบะปะฐััะธะบะฐ ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ะทะพะดั‡ะตัั‚ะฒะฐ. ะ’ ั…ั€ะฐะผะต ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะธะปัั ะดัƒั… XIX ะฒะตะบะฐ ะธ ั„ั€ะตัะบะธ, ะฝะฐะฟะธัะฐะฝะฝั‹ะต ะ‘ั€ะพะฝะฝะธะบะพะฒั‹ะผ. ะ ัƒััะบะธะน ัะทั‹ะบ, ะฟั€ะฐะฒะพัะปะฐะฒะฝะฐั ั‚ั€ะฐะดะธั†ะธั ะธ ั‚ะธัˆะธะฝะฐ ะฒ ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ะต ัˆัƒะผะฝะพะณะพ ะณะพั€ะพะดะฐ – ัั‚ะพ ะฝะตะพะถะธะดะฐะฝะฝั‹ะน ะพะฐะทะธั ัะฟะพะบะพะนัั‚ะฒะธั.

    ะŸั€ะพะณัƒะปะบะฐ ะฟะพ ัะปะตะดะฐะผ ะฐั€ะธัั‚ะพะบั€ะฐั‚ะธะธ

    ะ‘ะพะปัŒัˆะต ะฒัะตะณะพ ยซะฝะฐัˆะธั…ยป ั‚ะฐะนะฝ ั…ั€ะฐะฝะธั‚ 16-ะน ะพะบั€ัƒะณ. ะญั‚ะพ ัะปะธั‚ะฝั‹ะน, ะดะพั€ะพะณะพะน ะธ ั‚ะธั…ะธะน ั€ะฐะนะพะฝ ะผะตะถะดัƒ ะฟะปะพั‰ะฐะดัŒัŽ ะขั€ะพะบะฐะดะตั€ะพ ะธ ะ‘ัƒะปะพะฝัะบะธะผ ะปะตัะพะผ. ะ˜ะผะตะฝะฝะพ ะทะดะตััŒ, ะฝะฐ ัƒะปะพั‡ะบะฐั… ะฒั€ะพะดะต rue de la Tour ะธะปะธ rue Jean Bologne, ัะตะปะธะปะธััŒ ั€ัƒััะบะธะต ะฐั€ะธัั‚ะพะบั€ะฐั‚ั‹, ะฟะพั‚ะตั€ัะฒัˆะธะต ัะพัั‚ะพัะฝะธะต, ะฝะพ ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะธะฒัˆะธะต ะฟั€ะธะฒั‹ั‡ะบัƒ ะบ ั…ะพั€ะพัˆะธะผ ะดะพะผะฐะผ.

    ะ—ะดะตััŒ, ะฝะฐ ัะบั€ะพะผะฝะพะน ัƒะปะพั‡ะบะต ะŸัŒะตั€-ะ“ะตั€ะตะฝ, ัะบั€ั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚ัั ะฟะพัะปะตะดะฝะธะน ะดะพะผ ะบะฝัะทั ะคะตะปะธะบัะฐ ะฎััƒะฟะพะฒะฐ. ะ—ะฐะฑัƒะดัŒั‚ะต ะพ ั€ะพัะบะพัˆะธ ะดะฒะพั€ั†ะพะฒ ะฝะฐ ะœะพะนะบะต โ€“ ะฒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะต ะฎััƒะฟะพะฒั‹ ะถะธะปะธ ะฒ ะฑั‹ะฒัˆะตะน ะบะพะฝัŽัˆะฝะต, ะฟะตั€ะตะพะฑะพั€ัƒะดะพะฒะฐะฝะฝะพะน ะฟะพะด ะถะธะปัŒั‘. ะ”ะพะผ ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะธะปัั, ะฝะพ ะทะฐะบั€ั‹ั‚ ะดะปั ั‚ัƒั€ะธัั‚ะพะฒ, ั‚ะฐะบ ะบะฐะบ ะดะพ ัะธั… ะฟะพั€ ะถะธะปะพะน. ะŸะพัะปะต ะดะฒะพั€ั†ะพะฒ ะฎััƒะฟะพะฒั‹ั… ะฒ ะŸะตั‚ะตั€ะฑัƒั€ะณะต, ะœะพัะบะฒะต ะธ ะšั€ั‹ะผัƒ, ัั‚ะฐ ั‚ะฐะฑะปะธั‡ะบะฐ – ะตั‰ั‘ ะพะดะฝะฐ ะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพัั‚ัŒ ะฟั€ะธะบะพัะฝัƒั‚ัŒัั ะบ ั‚ั€ะฐะณะตะดะธะธ ั€ะพะดะฐ, ะฟะพั‚ะตั€ัะฒัˆะตะณะพ ะฒัั‘, ะบั€ะพะผะต ั‚ะธั‚ัƒะปะฐ, ัะฒะธะดะตั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒัƒ ัƒัˆะตะดัˆะตะน ัะฟะพั…ะธ ะดะฒะพั€ัะฝัั‚ะฒะฐ.

    ะะตะฟะพะดะฐะปั‘ะบัƒ, ะฝะฐ rue Jacques Offenbach, ะฝะฐั…ะพะดะธั‚ัั ะฟะพัะปะตะดะฝัั ะบะฒะฐั€ั‚ะธั€ะฐ ะ˜ะฒะฐะฝะฐ ะ‘ัƒะฝะธะฝะฐ. ะ˜ะผะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะต ะพะฝ ะฟะธัะฐะป ัะฒะพะธ ะดะฝะตะฒะฝะธะบะธ, ะฟะพะปัƒั‡ะธะป ะะพะฑะตะปะตะฒัะบัƒัŽ ะฟั€ะตะผะธัŽ ะธ ะฒัะฟะพะผะธะฝะฐะป ะ ะพััะธัŽ, ะฒ ะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะตะผัƒ ัƒะถะต ะฝะต ััƒะถะดะตะฝะพ ะฑั‹ะปะพ ะฒะตั€ะฝัƒั‚ัŒัั. ะกะตะนั‡ะฐั ัั‚ะพ ะพะฑั‹ั‡ะฝั‹ะน ะถะธะปะพะน ะดะพะผ. ะ’ะตะปะธะบะธะน ะฟะธัะฐั‚ะตะปัŒ ะถะธะป ะฝะฐ ัั‚ะพะน ัะฟะพะบะพะนะฝะพะน ัƒะปะพั‡ะบะต, ะฒ ะพะบั€ัƒะถะตะฝะธะธ ั‚ะฐะบะธั… ะถะต ะธะทะณะฝะฐะฝะฝะธะบะพะฒ.

    ๐ŸŽน Conservatoire Rachmaninoff: ะจะบะพะปะฐ ะดะปั ะธะทะณะฝะฐะฝะฝะธะบะพะฒ

    ะ•ัะปะธ ะฒั‹, ะฟั€ะพะณัƒะปะธะฒะฐัััŒ ะฟะพ ะฝะฐะฑะตั€ะตะถะฝะพะน ะกะตะฝั‹ ะฝะฐะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒ ะญะนั„ะตะปะตะฒะพะน ะฑะฐัˆะฝะธ, ะทะฐะผะตั‚ะธั‚ะต ะพัะพะฑะฝัะบ ั ะฒั‹ะฒะตัะบะพะน Conservatoire Rachmaninoff โ€” ะทะฝะฐะนั‚ะต: ะฒั‹ ัั‚ะพะธั‚ะต ัƒ ัั‚ะตะฝ ั…ั€ะฐะผะฐ, ะณะดะต ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝะธะปะธ ั€ัƒััะบัƒัŽ ะผัƒะทั‹ะบะฐะปัŒะฝัƒัŽ ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ัƒ ะฒ ะณะพะดั‹, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฒ ัะฐะผะพะน ะ ะพััะธะธ ะตั‘ ะฟั‹ั‚ะฐะปะธััŒ ะฟะตั€ะตะฟะธัะฐั‚ัŒ ะทะฐะฝะพะฒะพ.

    ะšะพะฝัะตั€ะฒะฐั‚ะพั€ะธั ะฑั‹ะปะฐ ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะฐ ะฒ 1923 ะณะพะดัƒ ะฒั‹ะดะฐัŽั‰ะธะผะธัั ัะผะธะณั€ะฐะฝั‚ะฐะผะธ โ€” ะคั‘ะดะพั€ะพะผ ะจะฐะปัะฟะธะฝั‹ะผ, ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ะพะผ ะ“ะปะฐะทัƒะฝะพะฒั‹ะผ, ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ะพะผ ะ“ั€ะตั‡ะฐะฝะธะฝะพะฒั‹ะผ. ะŸะตั€ะฒั‹ะผ ะฟะพั‡ั‘ั‚ะฝั‹ะผ ะฟั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะพะผ ัั‚ะฐะป ัะฐะผ ะกะตั€ะณะตะน ะ ะฐั…ะผะฐะฝะธะฝะพะฒ, ั‡ัŒั‘ ะธะผั ะบะพะฝัะตั€ะฒะฐั‚ะพั€ะธั ะพั„ะธั†ะธะฐะปัŒะฝะพ ะฝะพัะธั‚ ั 1953 ะณะพะดะฐ.

    ะ—ะดะตััŒ ะถะต ะผะพะถะฝะพ ะฟะพะพะฑะตะดะฐั‚ัŒ ะฑะพั€ั‰ะพะผ ะฒ La Cantine Russe – ั€ะตัั‚ะพั€ะฐะฝะต, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ะฝะตะบะพะณะดะฐ ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ะปัั ะบะฐะบ ัั‚ะพะปะพะฒะฐั ะฟั€ะธ ะบะพะฝัะตั€ะฒะฐั‚ะพั€ะธะธ.

    ะกะตะณะพะดะฝั ะทะดะตััŒ ัƒั‡ะฐั‚ ะธะณั€ะฐั‚ัŒ ะฝะฐ ะฑะฐะปะฐะปะฐะนะบะต, ะฝะฐ ะบะปะฐััะธั‡ะตัะบะธั… ะธะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะผะตะฝั‚ะฐั…, ะฟั€ะตะฟะพะดะฐัŽั‚ ั‚ะตะฐั‚ั€ะฐะปัŒะฝะพะต ะธัะบัƒััั‚ะฒะพ ะฟะพ ัะธัั‚ะตะผะต ะกั‚ะฐะฝะธัะปะฐะฒัะบะพะณะพ. ะ’ ัั‚ะตะฝะฐั… ัั‚ะพะณะพ ะฑั‹ะฒัˆะตะณะพ ัะผะธะณั€ะฐะฝั‚ัะบะพะณะพ ะพัะพะฑะฝัะบะฐ ะดะพ ัะธั… ะฟะพั€ ะณะพะฒะพั€ัั‚ ะฟะพ-ั€ัƒััะบะธ. ะšะพะฝัะตั€ะฒะฐั‚ะพั€ะธั ะ ะฐั…ะผะฐะฝะธะฝะพะฒะฐ – ัั€ะบะธะน ะฟั€ะธะผะตั€ ั‚ะพะณะพ, ะบะฐะบ ะดะธะฐัะฟะพั€ะฐ ัะพั…ั€ะฐะฝัะตั‚, ั€ะตะบะพะฝัั‚ั€ัƒะธั€ัƒะตั‚ ะธ ะฟั€ะตัƒะผะฝะพะถะฐะตั‚ ะดัƒั…ะพะฒะฝะพะต ะฝะฐัะปะตะดะธะต ะฒ ัƒัะปะพะฒะธัั… ะธะทะณะฝะฐะฝะธั.

    ๐Ÿ“š YMCA-Press: ะ˜ะทะดะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะพ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ะพะต ะฟะตั‡ะฐั‚ะฐะปะพ ยซะั€ั…ะธะฟะตะปะฐะณยป

    ะœะฐะปะพ ะบั‚ะพ ะธะท ั‚ัƒั€ะธัั‚ะพะฒ ะทะฝะฐะตั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฒ ะ›ะฐั‚ะธะฝัะบะพะผ ะบะฒะฐั€ั‚ะฐะปะต, ะฒ ั‚ะตะฝะธ ะŸะฐะฝั‚ะตะพะฝะฐ, ั€ะฐัะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝ ะพั„ะธั ะธ ะผะฐะณะฐะทะธะฝ ะธะทะดะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะฐ YMCA-Press (ะฟะพ-ั€ัƒััะบะธ ะตะณะพ ั‡ะฐัั‚ะพ ะฝะฐะทั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ ยซะ˜ะœะšะ-ะŸั€ะตััยป).

    ะ ะผะตะถะดัƒ ั‚ะตะผ, ะธะผะตะฝะฝะพ ะทะดะตััŒ ะฟะตั‡ะฐั‚ะฐะปะฐััŒ ะทะฐะฟั€ะตั‰ั‘ะฝะฝะฐั ะปะธั‚ะตั€ะฐั‚ัƒั€ะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะฝะตะฒะพะทะผะพะถะฝะพ ะฑั‹ะปะพ ะธะทะดะฐั‚ัŒ ะฒ ะกะกะกะ . ะžัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะฝะพะต ะฒ 1921 ะณะพะดัƒ ะฒ ะŸั€ะฐะณะต, ะฐ ั 1925 ะณะพะดะฐ ะพะฑะพัะฝะพะฒะฐะฒัˆะตะตัั ะฒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะต, ัั‚ะพ ะธะทะดะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะพ ัั‚ะฐะปะพ ะณะปะฐะฒะฝั‹ะผ ะณะพะปะพัะพะผ ั€ัƒััะบะพะน ัะผะธะณั€ะฐั†ะธะธ. ะ•ะณะพ ะฟะตั€ะฒั‹ะผ ะฟะพัะปะตะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะผ ะดะธั€ะตะบั‚ะพั€ะพะผ ะฑั‹ะป ั„ะธะปะพัะพั„ ะะธะบะพะปะฐะน ะ‘ะตั€ะดัะตะฒ.

    ะ˜ะผะตะฝะฝะพ ยซYMCA-Pressยป ะฒะฟะตั€ะฒั‹ะต ะพะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะพะฒะฐะปะพ ยซะั€ั…ะธะฟะตะปะฐะณ ะ“ะฃะ›ะะ“ยป ะกะพะปะถะตะฝะธั†ั‹ะฝะฐ โ€“ ั‚ะธั€ะฐะถะพะผ 50 000 ัะบะทะตะผะฟะปัั€ะพะฒ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฟะพ ั‚ะตะผ ะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะฐะผ ัั‚ะฐะปะพ ัะตะฝัะฐั†ะธะตะน. ะ—ะดะตััŒ ะถะต ะธะทะดะฐะฒะฐะปะธััŒ ะ‘ะตั€ะดัะตะฒ, ะ‘ัƒะฝะธะฝ, ะจะผะตะปั‘ะฒ ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธะต.

    ะกะตะนั‡ะฐั ะฟั€ะธ ะธะทะดะฐั‚ะตะปัŒัั‚ะฒะต ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐะตั‚ ะบะฝะธะถะฝั‹ะน ะผะฐะณะฐะทะธะฝ. ะ•ัะปะธ ั…ะพั‚ะธั‚ะต ะฟั€ะธะฒะตะทั‚ะธ ะธะท ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะฐ ะบะฝะธะณัƒ ั ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธะตะน โ€“ ะฒะฐะผ ััŽะดะฐ.

    โ›ฒ ะคะพะฝั‚ะฐะฝ ะกั‚ั€ะฐะฒะธะฝัะบะพะณะพ: ะœัƒะทั‹ะบะฐ ะฒ ะฒะพะดะต

    ะกะพะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะฝั‹ะน, ัั€ะบะธะน, ะฝะตะผะฝะพะณะพ ะฑะตะทัƒะผะฝั‹ะน โ€“ Fontaine Stravinsky ะฑั‹ะป ัะพะทะดะฐะฝ ะฒ 1982-1983 ะณะพะดะฐั… ัˆะฒะตะนั†ะฐั€ัะบะธะผ ัะบัƒะปัŒะฟั‚ะพั€ะพะผ ะ–ะฐะฝะพะผ ะขะตะฝะณะตะปะธ ะธ ะตะณะพ ััƒะฟั€ัƒะณะพะน ะะธะบะธ ะดะต ะกะตะฝ-ะคะฐะปะปัŒ.

    ะคะพะฝั‚ะฐะฝ ะฟะพัะฒัั‰ั‘ะฝ ะ˜ะณะพั€ัŽ ะกั‚ั€ะฐะฒะธะฝัะบะพะผัƒ โ€“ ะบะพะผะฟะพะทะธั‚ะพั€ัƒ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ะทะฝะฐั‡ะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝัƒัŽ ั‡ะฐัั‚ัŒ ะถะธะทะฝะธ ะฟั€ะพะฒั‘ะป ะฒะพ ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ะธะธ ะธ ะฑั‹ะป ะฝะฐะณั€ะฐะถะดั‘ะฝ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทัะบะธะผ ะพั€ะดะตะฝะพะผ ะŸะพั‡ั‘ั‚ะฝะพะณะพ ะ›ะตะณะธะพะฝะฐ. 16 ั‡ั‘ั€ะฝั‹ั… ะผะตั…ะฐะฝะธั‡ะตัะบะธั… ัะบัƒะปัŒะฟั‚ัƒั€ (ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐ ะขะตะฝะณะตะปะธ) ะธ ะผะฝะพะถะตัั‚ะฒะพ ัั€ะบะธั…, ั€ะฐัะบั€ะฐัˆะตะฝะฝั‹ั… ั„ะธะณัƒั€ (ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐ ะดะต ะกะตะฝ-ะคะฐะปะปัŒ) ะธะทะพะฑั€ะฐะถะฐัŽั‚ ะผะพั‚ะธะฒั‹ ะธะท ะตะณะพ ะทะฝะฐะผะตะฝะธั‚ั‹ั… ะฟั€ะพะธะทะฒะตะดะตะฝะธะน โ€“ ยซะ–ะฐั€-ะฟั‚ะธั†ัƒยป, ยซะŸะตั‚ั€ัƒัˆะบัƒยป, ยซะ’ะตัะฝัƒ ัะฒัั‰ะตะฝะฝัƒัŽยป.

    ะคะพะฝั‚ะฐะฝ โ€“ ัั‚ะพ ะดะฐะฝัŒ ัƒะฒะฐะถะตะฝะธั ั€ัƒััะบะพะผัƒ ะบะพะผะฟะพะทะธั‚ะพั€ัƒ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ัั‚ะฐะป ะพะดะฝะธะผ ะธะท ัะธะผะฒะพะปะพะฒ ะตะฒั€ะพะฟะตะนัะบะพะน ะผัƒะทั‹ะบะธ XX ะฒะตะบะฐ.

    โœˆ๏ธ ะœะตะผะพั€ะธะฐะป ยซะะพั€ะผะฐะฝะดะธั-ะะตะผะฐะฝยป ะฒ ะ›ะต-ะ‘ัƒั€ะถะต

    ะ’ ะฟั€ะธะณะพั€ะพะดะต ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะฐ, ะฒ ะ›ะต-ะ‘ัƒั€ะถะต, ะฒ ะผัƒะทะตะต ะะฒะธะฐั†ะธะธ ะธ ะบะพัะผะพัะฐ (Musรฉe de l’Air et de l’Espace) ะฝะฐั…ะพะดะธั‚ัั ะฟะฐะผัั‚ะฝะธะบ ะปั‘ั‚ั‡ะธะบะฐะผ ะปะตะณะตะฝะดะฐั€ะฝะพะณะพ ะฐะฒะธะฐะฟะพะปะบะฐ ยซะะพั€ะผะฐะฝะดะธั-ะะตะผะฐะฝยป.

    Mรฉmorial Normandie-Niemen – ัั‚ะพ ั„ะธะณัƒั€ั‹ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทัะบะพะณะพ ะปั‘ั‚ั‡ะธะบะฐ ะธ ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ะฐะฒะธะฐะผะตั…ะฐะฝะธะบะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฒะณะปัะดั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‚ัั ะฒ ะฝะตะฑะพ. ะžะฝ ะฑั‹ะป ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ ะฒ 2006 ะณะพะดัƒ ะฒ ะฟะฐะผัั‚ัŒ ะพ ั‚ะพะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ั 1943 ะฟะพ 1945 ะณะพะดั‹ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทัะบะธะต ะฟะธะปะพั‚ั‹ ะฟะปะตั‡ะพะผ ะบ ะฟะปะตั‡ัƒ ั ัะพะฒะตั‚ัะบะธะผะธ ะปั‘ั‚ั‡ะธะบะฐะผะธ ัƒะฝะธั‡ั‚ะพะถะธะปะธ ะฟะพั‡ั‚ะธ 300 ะฝะตะผะตั†ะบะธั… ัะฐะผะพะปั‘ั‚ะพะฒ ะธ ั„ะพั€ัะธั€ะพะฒะฐะปะธ ั€ะตะบัƒ ะะตะผะฐะฝ. ะญั‚ะพ ะฟะฐะผัั‚ะฝะธะบ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพะน ะดะพะฑะปะตัั‚ะธ ะธ ะดั€ัƒะถะฑะต, ัะบั€ะตะฟะปั‘ะฝะฝะพะน ะบั€ะพะฒัŒัŽ.

    ะกะพะฒะตั‚ัะบะธะต ะดะพะบัƒะผะตะฝั‚ั‹ ะธ ะปะธั‡ะฝั‹ะต ะฒะตั‰ะธ ะฟะธะปะพั‚ะพะฒ ะฐะฒะธะฐะฟะพะปะบะฐ ะะพั€ะผะฐะฝะดะธั-ะะตะผะฐะฝ ะผะพะถะฝะพ ั‚ะฐะบะถะต ะฝะฐะนั‚ะธ ะฒ ะผัƒะทะตะต ะžั€ะดะตะฝะฐ ะžัะฒะพะฑะพะถะดะตะฝะธั (Musรฉe de l’Ordre de la Libรฉration) ะฒ ะดะพะผะต ะ˜ะฝะฒะฐะปะธะดะพะฒ (Hรดtel des Invalides).

    ๐Ÿชฆ Monument du corps expรฉditionnaire russe (ะŸะฐะผัั‚ะฝะธะบ ะ ัƒััะบะพะผัƒ ัะบัะฟะตะดะธั†ะธะพะฝะฝะพะผัƒ ะบะพั€ะฟัƒััƒ)

    ะญั‚ะพั‚ ะผะพะฝัƒะผะตะฝั‚ โ€” ะพะดะธะฝ ะธะท ัะฐะผั‹ั… ะฝะตะดะฐะฒะฝะธั… ะฒ ะฝะฐัˆะตะผ ัะฟะธัะบะต (ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ ะฒ 2011 ะณะพะดัƒ), ะฝะพ ะฟะพ ัะฒะพะตะผัƒ ัะผั‹ัะปัƒ ะพะฝ ัƒั…ะพะดะธั‚ ะบะพั€ะฝัะผะธ ะฒ ัะฐะผัƒัŽ ะบั€ะพะฒะฐะฒัƒัŽ ัะฟะพั…ัƒ XX ะฒะตะบะฐ. ะžะฝ ะฟะพัะฒัั‰ั‘ะฝ ะ ัƒััะบะพะผัƒ ัะบัะฟะตะดะธั†ะธะพะฝะฝะพะผัƒ ะบะพั€ะฟัƒััƒ โ€” ะฑั€ะธะณะฐะดะฐะผ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฒ 1916โ€“1918 ะณะพะดะฐั… ะฒะพะตะฒะฐะปะธ ะฝะฐ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทัะบะพะผ ั„ั€ะพะฝั‚ะต ะŸะตั€ะฒะพะน ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน ะฒะพะนะฝั‹. ะŸะฐะผัั‚ะฝะธะบ ั€ะฐัะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝ ะฒ ัะฐะผะพะผ ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ะต ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะฐ – ะฝะฐ ะฐะปะปะตะต ะฒะดะพะปัŒ ะกะตะฝั‹ ะพะบะพะปะพ ะ‘ะพะปัŒัˆะพะณะพ ะดะฒะพั€ั†ะฐ (Le Grand Palais). ะ’ะพะบั€ัƒะณ ะœะฐะปะพะณะพ ะธ ะ‘ะพะปัŒัˆะธั… ะดะฒะพั€ั†ะพะฒ ะฝะฐั…ะพะดัั‚ัั ัั‚ะฐั‚ัƒะธ ะจะฐั€ะปั ะ”ะต ะ“ะพะปะปั, ะฃะธะฝัั‚ะพะฝะฐ ะงะตั€ั‡ะธะปะปั, ะฟั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ะธะธ ะ–ะพั€ะถะฐ ะšะปะตะผะฐะฝัะพ, ะปะฐั‚ะธะฝะพะฐะผะตั€ะธะบะฐะฝัะบะพะณะพ ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธะพะฝะตั€ะฐ ะกะธะผะพะฝะฐ ะ‘ะพะปะธะฒะฐั€ะฐ, ะผะฐั€ะบะธะทะฐ ะ›ะฐั„ะฐะนะตั‚ั‚ะฐ ะธ ะะปัŒะฑะตั€ั‚ะฐ ะŸะตั€ะฒะพะณะพ, ะบะพั€ะพะปั ะ‘ะตะปัŒะณะธะธ. ะ—ะดะตััŒ ะตะถะตะดะฝะตะฒะฝะพ ะฟั€ะพั…ะพะดัั‚ ั‚ั‹ััั‡ะธ ะฟะฐั€ะธะถะฐะฝ, ะธ ะบะฐะถะดั‹ะน ะธะท ะฝะธั… ะฒะธะดะธั‚ ะฝะฐะฟะพะผะธะฝะฐะฝะธะต ะพ ั‚ะพะผ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฒ ั‡ะฐั ัะผะตั€ั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพะน ะพะฟะฐัะฝะพัั‚ะธ ะ ะพััะธั ะธ ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ะธั ะฑั‹ะปะธ ัะพัŽะทะฝะธะบะฐะผะธ.

    ะ”ะปั ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ะธะธ ัั‚ะพั‚ ะผะพะฝัƒะผะตะฝั‚ โ€” ะฟั€ะธะทะฝะฐะฝะธะต ั‚ะพะณะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฒ ะทะฐั‰ะธั‚ะต ะธั… ะทะตะผะปะธ ัƒั‡ะฐัั‚ะฒะพะฒะฐะปะธ ะฝะต ั‚ะพะปัŒะบะพ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทั‹. ะžะฝ ั€ะฐััˆะธั€ัะตั‚ ะฟะฐะฝั‚ะตะพะฝ ะฝะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ะณะตั€ะพะตะฒ, ะฒะบะปัŽั‡ะฐั ะฒ ะฝะตะณะพ ะธะฝะพัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฝั‹ั… ัะพะปะดะฐั‚, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฟั€ะพะปะธะฒะฐะปะธ ะบั€ะพะฒัŒ ะทะฐ ั‚ัƒ ะถะต ะธะดะตัŽ. ะ”ะปั ะ ะพััะธะธ โ€” ัั‚ะพ ะตั‰ั‘ ะพะดะธะฝ ะบะฐะผะตะฝัŒ ะฒ ั„ัƒะฝะดะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะต ะพะฑั‰ะตะน ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธั‡ะตัะบะพะน ะฟะฐะผัั‚ะธ, ะฟะพะดั‚ะฒะตั€ะถะดะตะฝะธะต ั‚ะพะณะพ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฝะฐัˆะธ ัะพะปะดะฐั‚ั‹ ัั€ะฐะถะฐะปะธััŒ ะทะฐ ะฑัƒะดัƒั‰ะตะต ะ•ะฒั€ะพะฟั‹ ะทะฐะดะพะปะณะพ ะดะพ ะ’ั‚ะพั€ะพะน ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน.

    โšฐ๏ธ ะšะปะฐะดะฑะธั‰ะต Pรจre Lachaise: ะ ัƒััะบะธะน ัะปะตะด

    ะ’ัะต ะทะฝะฐัŽั‚ Cimetiรจre du Pรจre-Lachaise (ะบะปะฐะดะฑะธั‰ะต ะŸะตั€-ะ›ะฐัˆะตะท) ะบะฐะบ ะผะตัั‚ะพ ัƒะฟะพะบะพะตะฝะธั ะœะพะปัŒะตั€ะฐ, ะฟะธัะฐั‚ะตะปั ะžะฝะพั€ะต ะดะต ะ‘ะฐะปัŒะทะฐะบะฐ, ั…ัƒะดะพะถะฝะธะบะฐ ะ•ะถะตะฝะฐ ะ”ะตะปะฐะบั€ัƒะฐ, ะฟะธัะฐั‚ะตะปั ะžัะบะฐั€ะฐ ะฃะฐะนะปัŒะดะฐ, ะฒะพะตะฝะฝะพะณะพ ะ˜ะพะฐั…ะธะผะฐ ะœัŽั€ะฐั‚ะฐ, ะฟะธัะฐั‚ะตะปั ะœะฐั€ัะตะปั ะŸั€ัƒัั‚ะฐ, ะบะพะผะฟะพะทะธั‚ะพั€ะฐ ะคั€ะตะดะตั€ะธะบะฐ ะจะพะฟะตะฝะฐ, ะธ, ะบะพะฝะตั‡ะฝะพ, ะฟะตะฒะธั†ั‹ ะญะดะธั‚ ะŸะธะฐั„. ะะพ ะผะฐะปะพ ะบั‚ะพ ะทะฐะผะตั‡ะฐะตั‚, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะทะดะตััŒ ะถะต ั€ะฐะทะฑั€ะพัะฐะฝั‹ ะดะตััั‚ะบะธ ั€ัƒััะบะธั… ะผะพะณะธะป โ€“ ั†ะตะปั‹ะน ะฟะปะฐัั‚ ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ะปะตะณะบะพ ะฟั€ะพะฟัƒัั‚ะธั‚ัŒ.

    ะะฐ ะบะปะฐะดะฑะธั‰ะต ะŸะตั€-ะ›ะฐัˆะตะท ะฟะพะบะพัั‚ัั: ะฐะฝะฐั€ั…ะธัั‚ ะะตัั‚ะพั€ ะœะฐั…ะฝะพ, ั‚ะฐะฝั†ะพะฒั‰ะธั†ะฐ ะะนัะตะดะพั€ะฐ ะ”ัƒะฝะบะฐะฝ, ััƒะฟั€ัƒะณะฐ ะกะตั€ะณะตั ะ•ัะตะฝะธะฝะฐ, ะบะฝัะณะธะฝั ะขั€ัƒะฑะตั†ะบะฐั, ะบะฝัะณะธะฝั ะ•ะปะธะทะฐะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะ”ะตะผะธะดะพะฒะฐ, ะบะฝัะณะธะฝั ะ—ะธะฝะฐะธะดะฐ ะ”ะพะปะณะพั€ัƒะบะพะฒะฐ, ะดะตะบะฐะฑั€ะธัั‚ ะะธะบะพะปะฐะน ะขัƒั€ะณะตะฝะตะฒ, ะพัะฝะพะฒะพะฟะพะปะพะถะฝะธะบ ั„ะธะฝะฐะฝัะพะฒะพะน ะฝะฐัƒะบะธ ะฒ ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะฎะปะธั ะกะฐะผะพะนะปะพะฒะฐ, ะผัƒะทะฐ ะšะฐั€ะปะฐ ะ‘ั€ัŽะปะปะพะฒะฐ, ะพะฟะตั€ะฝะฐั ะฟะตะฒะธั†ะฐ ะคะตะปะธั ะ›ะธั‚ะฒะธะฝ, ัะพะฒะตั‚ัะบะธะน ั…ัƒะดะพะถะฝะธะบ ะ’ะธั‚ะฐะปะธะน ะกั‚ะฐั†ะธะฝัะบะธะน.

    ะญั‚ะพ ะฝะต ะฟั€ะพัั‚ะพ ะทะฐั…ะพั€ะพะฝะตะฝะธั โ€“ ัั‚ะพ ะฟะพั€ั‚ั€ะตั‚ ั€ัƒััะบะพะน ัะผะธะณั€ะฐั†ะธะธ: ะพั‚ ะดะตะบะฐะฑั€ะธัั‚ะพะฒ, ะฝะต ะฒะตั€ะฝัƒะฒัˆะธั…ัั ะธะท ััั‹ะปะบะธ, ะดะพ ั‚ะตั…, ะบั‚ะพ ะฑะตะถะฐะป ะพั‚ ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธะธ. ะ•ัะปะธ ะทะฝะฐะตั‚ะต, ะณะดะต ะธัะบะฐั‚ัŒ, ะฒะฐัˆ ะฒะธะทะธั‚ ะฒ Cimetiรจre du Pรจre-Lachaise ัั‚ะฐะฝะตั‚ ั‡ะตะผ-ั‚ะพ ะฑะพะปัŒัˆะธะผ ั‡ะตะผ ะฟั€ะพะณัƒะปะบะพะน ะฟะพ ะพะฑั‰ะตะธะทะฒะตัั‚ะฝะพะผัƒ ะบะปะฐะดะฑะธั‰ะต.

    ะ ัƒััะบะพะต ะšะปะฐะดะฑะธั‰ะต Sainte-Geneviรจve-des-Bois

    ะ ัƒััะบะพะต ะบะปะฐะดะฑะธั‰ะต Sainte-Geneviรจve-des-Bois ะฝะฐั…ะพะดะธั‚ัั ะฒ ะฟั€ะธะณะพั€ะพะดะต, ะฒ 25 ะบะธะปะพะผะตั‚ั€ะฐั… ะพั‚ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะฐ (ะพั‚ ะัƒัั‚ะตั€ะปะธั†ะบะพะณะพ ะฒะพะบะทะฐะปะฐ ะตั…ะฐั‚ัŒ ะฝะฐ ัะปะตะบั‚ั€ะธั‡ะบะต RER), ะธ ะพะฝะพ ะฟั€ะพะธะทะฒะพะดะธั‚ ะพัˆะตะปะพะผะปััŽั‰ะตะต ะฒะฟะตั‡ะฐั‚ะปะตะฝะธะต. ะขัƒั‚ ะทะฐั…ะพั€ะพะฝะตะฝ ั†ะฒะตั‚ ั€ัƒััะบะพะน ัะผะธะณั€ะฐั†ะธะธ: ะพั‚ ะ‘ัƒะฝะธะฝะฐ ะธ ะ‘ัƒะปะณะฐะบะพะฒะฐ ะดะพ ะขะฐั€ะบะพะฒัะบะพะณะพ ะธ ะ—ะธะฝะฐะธะดั‹ ะ“ะธะฟะฟะธัƒั. ะœะพะณะธะปะฐ ะ ัƒะดะพะปัŒั„ะฐ ะัƒั€ะตะตะฒะฐ ะฟะพะบั€ั‹ั‚ะฐ ะผะพะทะฐะธั‡ะฝั‹ะผ ะฒะพัั‚ะพั‡ะฝั‹ะผ ะบะพะฒั€ะพะผ – ัั‚ะพ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐ ะธั‚ะฐะปัŒัะฝัะบะพะณะพ ะฐั€ั…ะธั‚ะตะบั‚ะพั€ะฐ, ะธ ัะผะพั‚ั€ะธั‚ัั ะพะฝะฐ ะฒั‹ะทั‹ะฒะฐัŽั‰ะต ั€ะพัะบะพัˆะฝะพ, ะฐ ะฝะฐะด ะผะพะณะธะปะพะน ะ‘ัƒะฝะธะฝะฐ ัั‚ะพะธั‚ ะฝะตะพะฑั‹ั‡ะฝั‹ะน ะบั€ะตัั‚ ั ะดะฒัƒะผั ะฟะตั€ะตะบะปะฐะดะธะฝะฐะผะธ. ะะปัŒะฑะตั€ั‚ ะ‘ะตะฝัƒะฐ ะฟะพั…ะพั€ะพะฝะตะฝ ะฒ ะฝะตะบั€ะพะฟะพะปะต ะฟะพะด ะฟั€ะฐะฒะพัะปะฐะฒะฝะพะน ั†ะตั€ะบะพะฒัŒัŽ ะฃัะฟะตะฝะธั ะ‘ะพะณะพั€ะพะดะธั†ั‹. ะžั‚ะดะตะปัŒะฝั‹ะผะธ ะทะพะฝะฐะผะธ ะฟะพั…ะพั€ะพะฝะตะฝั‹ ะบะฐะทะฐะบะธ ะธ ะฑะตะปั‹ะต ั‡ะฐัั‚ะธ.

    ะ’ะฐะถะฝะพ: ัั‚ะพ ะฝะต ั‚ัƒั€ะธัั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะพะต ะผะตัั‚ะพ, ะฐ ะผะตัั‚ะพ ั‚ะธั…ะพะน ะฟะฐะผัั‚ะธ. ะะพ ะธะผะตะฝะฝะพ ะทะดะตััŒ, ะณะปัะดั ะฝะฐ ะฟะพะบะพัะธะฒัˆะธะตัั ะบั€ะตัั‚ั‹ ะธ ะธะผะตะฝะฐ, ะฒั‹ ะฟะพั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒัƒะตั‚ะต, ั‡ั‚ะพ ั‚ะฐะบะพะต ยซะ ัƒััะบะธะน ะŸะฐั€ะธะถยป ะฝะฐ ัะฐะผะพะผ ะดะตะปะต.

    Honorable Mentions

    ะœะพะน ัะพะฑัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะผะฐั€ัˆั€ัƒั‚ ะพั…ะฒะฐั‚ะธะป ะดะฐะปะตะบะพ ะฝะต ะฒัั‘, ะฝะพ ัั‚ะธ ะผะตัั‚ะฐ ั ั‚ะฐะบะถะต ัะพะฒะตั‚ัƒัŽ ะบ ะฟะพัะตั‰ะตะฝะธัŽ:

    ะ˜ะฝั‚ะตะปะปะตะบั‚ัƒะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ั‹ ะธ ะณะฐัั‚ั€ะพะฝะพะผะธั

    ะ‘ะธะฑะปะธะพั‚ะตะบะฐ ะขัƒั€ะณะตะฝะตะฒะฐ โ€“ ัั‚ะฐั€ะตะนัˆะฐั ั€ัƒััะบะฐั ะฑะธะฑะปะธะพั‚ะตะบะฐ ะทะฐ ะฟั€ะตะดะตะปะฐะผะธ ะ ะพััะธะธ, ะพัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝะฝะฐั ะฒ 1875 ะณะพะดัƒ ัะฐะผะธะผ ะฟะธัะฐั‚ะตะปะตะผ. ะžะฝะฐ ะฝะฐั…ะพะดะธั‚ัั ะฒ 5-ะผ ะพะบั€ัƒะณะต ะธ ะดะพ ัะธั… ะฟะพั€ ั…ั€ะฐะฝะธั‚ ัƒะฝะธะบะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะต ะฐั€ั…ะธะฒั‹ ะธ ะบะฝะธะณะธ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะต ะฝะต ะฝะฐะนั‚ะธ ะดะฐะถะต ะฒ ะผะพัะบะพะฒัะบะพะน ยซะ›ะตะฝะธะฝะบะตยป.

    ะะฐ rue Boissiรจre ั€ะฐัะฟะพะปะพะถะตะฝ ะ ัƒััะบะธะน ะดะพะผ ะฝะฐัƒะบะธ ะธ ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ั‹. ะŸะพ ััƒั‚ะธ, ัั‚ะพ ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ ัะพะฒั€ะตะผะตะฝะฝะพะน ะดะธะฐัะฟะพั€ั‹: ั‚ะฐะผ ะตัั‚ัŒ ะบะพะฝั†ะตั€ั‚ะฝั‹ะน ะทะฐะป, ะบะพะฝัะตั€ะฒะฐั‚ะพั€ะธั ะธะผะตะฝะธ ะกะบั€ัะฑะธะฝะฐ, ะธ, ั‡ั‚ะพ ะฒะฐะถะฝะพ, ะพั‚ะปะธั‡ะฝะฐั ะฐั‚ะผะพัั„ะตั€ะฐ. ะกัŽะดะฐ ัั‚ะพะธั‚ ะทะฐะนั‚ะธ, ั‡ั‚ะพะฑั‹ ะฟะพัะผะพั‚ั€ะตั‚ัŒ ะฐั„ะธัˆะธ โ€“ ะฒะดั€ัƒะณ ะฟะพะฟะฐะดั‘ั‚ะต ะฝะฐ ะฒะตั‡ะตั€ ั€ะพะผะฐะฝัะพะฒ.

    ะ˜, ะบะพะฝะตั‡ะฝะพ, ะบัƒะดะฐ ะถะต ะฑะตะท ะตะดั‹? ะ ะตัั‚ะพั€ะฐะฝ ยซะ”ะฐั€ัŽยป (Darรผ) โ€“ ะปะตะณะตะฝะดะฐ. ะญั‚ะพ ะฝะต ั‚ัƒั€ะธัั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะน ยซะŸัƒัˆะบะธะฝ-ะบะฐั„ะตยป ั ะทะฐะฒั‹ัˆะตะฝะฝั‹ะผะธ ั†ะตะฝะฐะผะธ, ะฐ ัะบั€ะพะผะฝะพะต ะผะตัั‚ะพ ะฒ ั€ะฐะนะพะฝะต ะ•ะปะธัะตะนัะบะธั… ะฟะพะปะตะน, ะณะดะต ะฟะฐั…ะฝะตั‚ ั‰ะฐะผะธ ะธ ะณะดะต ะผะพะถะฝะพ ะฟะพะณะพะฒะพั€ะธั‚ัŒ ั ะพั„ะธั†ะธะฐะฝั‚ะฐะผะธ ะฟะพ-ั€ัƒััะบะธ. ะžัะฝะพะฒะฐะฝ ะพะฝ ะฑั‹ะป ัะผะธะณั€ะฐะฝั‚ะฐะผะธ, ะธ ะดะพ ัะธั… ะฟะพั€ ะดะตั€ะถะธั‚ ะผะฐั€ะบัƒ.

    ๐Ÿก ะ”ะฐั‡ะฐ ะขัƒั€ะณะตะฝะตะฒะฐ ะฒ ะ‘ัƒะถะธะฒะฐะปะต

    ะ’ ะดะฒะฐะดั†ะฐั‚ะธ ะผะธะฝัƒั‚ะฐั… ัะปะตะบั‚ั€ะธั‡ะบะพะน ะพั‚ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะฐ, ะฒ ะปะตััƒ ะ‘ัƒะถะธะฒะฐะปัŒ, ัั‚ะพะธั‚ ัะบั€ะพะผะฝะฐั ะดะฐั‡ะฐ ะ˜ะฒะฐะฝะฐ ะขัƒั€ะณะตะฝะตะฒะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ัƒัŽ ะพะฝ ะบัƒะฟะธะป ะฒ 1874 ะณะพะดัƒ ะดะปั ัะฒะพะตะน ะฒะพะทะปัŽะฑะปะตะฝะฝะพะน ะŸะพะปะธะฝั‹ ะ’ะธะฐั€ะดะพ. ะŸะธัะฐั‚ะตะปัŒ ะถะธะป ะทะดะตััŒ ะฒะตัะฝะพะน ะธ ะพัะตะฝัŒัŽ ั 1875 ะณะพะดะฐ ะธ ะดะพ ัะฒะพะตะน ะบะพะฝั‡ะธะฝั‹ ะฒ ะบะฐะฑะธะฝะตั‚ะต ั ะฑะฐะปะบะพะฝะพะผ ะฒั‚ะพั€ะพะณะพ ัั‚ะฐะถะฐ 3 ัะตะฝั‚ัะฑั€ั 1883 ะณะพะดะฐ. ะ˜ะผะตะฝะฝะพ ะฒ ัั‚ะพะผ ะบะฐะฑะธะฝะตั‚ะต ะฑั‹ะปะธ ะฝะฐะฟะธัะฐะฝั‹ ะตะณะพ ยซะกั‚ะธั…ะพั‚ะฒะพั€ะตะฝะธั ะฒ ะฟั€ะพะทะตยป, ะฐ ะฒ 1876 ะณะพะดัƒ ะทะฐะฒะตั€ัˆะตะฝ ั€ัƒััะบะธะน ะฟะตั€ะตะฒะพะด ยซะ›ะตะณะตะฝะดั‹ ะพ ัะฒัั‚ะพะผ ะฎะปะธะฐะฝะต ะกั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฝะพะฟั€ะธะธะผั†ะตยป ะ“ัŽัั‚ะฐะฒะฐ ะคะปะพะฑะตั€ะฐ. ะ—ะดะตััŒ ัะพะฑะธั€ะฐะปะธััŒ ะดั€ัƒะทัŒั ะ˜. ะก. ะขัƒั€ะณะตะฝะตะฒะฐ, ัั€ะตะดะธ ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ั… ะฑั‹ะปะธ ะธะผะตะฝะธั‚ั‹ะต ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทั‹ ะธ ั€ะพััะธัะฝะต: ะฟะธัะฐั‚ะตะปะธ ะญะผะธะปัŒ ะ—ะพะปั, ะะปัŒั„ะพะฝั ะ”ะพะดั, ะ‘ั€ะฐั‚ัŒั ะ“ะพะฝะบัƒั€, ะ’ะปะฐะดะธะผะธั€ ะกะพะปะปะพะณัƒะฑ ะธ ะœะธั…ะฐะธะป ะกะฐะปั‚ั‹ะบะพะฒ-ะฉะตะดั€ะธะฝ, ั…ัƒะดะพะถะฝะธะบ ะ’ะฐัะธะปะธะน ะ’ะตั€ะตั‰ะฐะณะธะฝ, ะบะพะผะฟะพะทะธั‚ะพั€ั‹ ะšะฐะผะธะปัŒ ะกะตะฝ-ะกะฐะฝั ะธ ะ“ะฐะฑั€ะธัะปัŒ ะคะพั€ั.

    ะ’ 1983 ะณะพะดัƒ, ะบ ัั‚ะพะปะตั‚ะธัŽ ัะพ ะดะฝั ัะผะตั€ั‚ะธ ะฟะธัะฐั‚ะตะปั, ะทะดะตััŒ ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ะปัั ะผัƒะทะตะน. ะญั‚ะพ ะตะดะธะฝัั‚ะฒะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะผัƒะทะตะน ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ะบะปะฐััะธะบะฐ ะทะฐ ะฟั€ะตะดะตะปะฐะผะธ ะ ะพััะธะธ. ะ’ะฝัƒั‚ั€ะธ โ€“ ะฟะธััŒะผะฐ, ะบะฐั€ั‚ะธะฝั‹, ะณั€ะฐะฒัŽั€ั‹, ะฟั€ะธะถะธะทะฝะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ะธะทะดะฐะฝะธั. ะกะฐะผะฐ ัƒัะฐะดัŒะฑะฐ ะฒะฝะตัะตะฝะฐ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทัะบะธะผะธ ะฒะปะฐัั‚ัะผะธ ะฒ ัะฟะธัะพะบ ะฟะฐะผัั‚ะฝะธะบะพะฒ ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ั‹.

    โ›ช ะกะตั€ะณะธะตะฒัะบะพะต ะฟะพะดะฒะพั€ัŒะต: ะžัั‚ั€ะพะฒะพะบ ะกะตั€ะณะธั ะ ะฐะดะพะฝะตะถัะบะพะณะพ

    ะ•ัะปะธ ัะพะฑะพั€ ะะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€ะฐ ะะตะฒัะบะพะณะพ โ€“ ยซะฟะฐั€ะฐะดะฝั‹ะนยป ั€ัƒััะบะธะน ั…ั€ะฐะผ, ั‚ะพ ะกะตั€ะณะธะตะฒัะบะพะต ะฟะพะดะฒะพั€ัŒะต โ€“ ัั‚ะพ ยซะดะพะผะฐัˆะฝััยป, ะฟะพั‡ั‚ะธ ะผะพะฝะฐัั‚ั‹ั€ัะบะฐั ะ ะพััะธั.

    ะŸะตั€ะฒะฐั ัะปัƒะถะฑะฐ ะทะดะตััŒ ะฑั‹ะปะฐ ัะพะฒะตั€ัˆะตะฝะฐ 22 ัะตะฝั‚ัะฑั€ั 1924 ะณะพะดะฐ. ะฅั€ะฐะผ ะฟั€ะตะฟะพะดะพะฑะฝะพะณะพ ะกะตั€ะณะธั ะ ะฐะดะพะฝะตะถัะบะพะณะพ ะฑั‹ะป ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ ะฒ 1925 ะณะพะดัƒ ะบะฐะบ ะฟะพะดะฒะพั€ัŒะต ะกะฒัั‚ะพ-ะขั€ะพะธั†ะบะพะน ะกะตั€ะณะธะตะฒะพะน ะปะฐะฒั€ั‹. ะŸั€ะธ ะฝั‘ะผ ะฑั‹ะป ัะพะทะดะฐะฝ ะ‘ะพะณะพัะปะพะฒัะบะธะน ะธะฝัั‚ะธั‚ัƒั‚, ะณะดะต ะฟั€ะตะฟะพะดะฐะฒะฐะปะธ ะฒั‹ะดะฐัŽั‰ะธะตัั ั€ัƒััะบะธะต ั„ะธะปะพัะพั„ั‹ ะธ ะฑะพะณะพัะปะพะฒั‹ โ€“ ะกะตั€ะณะธะน ะ‘ัƒะปะณะฐะบะพะฒ, ะะธะบะพะปะฐะน ะ‘ะตั€ะดัะตะฒ ะธ ะดั€ัƒะณะธะต.

    ะ’ัั ัะปัƒะถะฑะฐ ะฝะฐ ะฟะพะดะฒะพั€ัŒะต ะฒะตะปะฐััŒ ัั‚ั€ะพะณะพ ะฟะพ ั€ัƒััะบะพะผัƒ ะผะพะฝะฐัั‚ั‹ั€ัะบะพะผัƒ ะพะฑั‹ั‡ะฐัŽ โ€“ ัั‚ะธะผ ะพะฝะพ ั€ะตะทะบะพ ะพั‚ะปะธั‡ะฐะปะพััŒ ะพั‚ ะฑะพะปะตะต ยซะตะฒั€ะพะฟะตะธะทะธั€ะพะฒะฐะฝะฝะพะณะพยป ัะพะฑะพั€ะฐ ะฝะฐ ัƒะปะธั†ะต ะ”ะฐั€ัŽ. ะกะตะณะพะดะฝั ัั‚ะพ ั†ะตะฝั‚ั€ ะฟั€ะฐะฒะพัะปะฐะฒะฝะพะน ะผั‹ัะปะธ ะธ ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ั‹, ะณะดะต ะฟั€ะพะฒะพะดัั‚ัั ะฑะพะณะพัะปัƒะถะตะฝะธั ะฝะฐ ั†ะตั€ะบะพะฒะฝะพัะปะฐะฒัะฝัะบะพะผ ะธ ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ะฐัŽั‚ ะฑะธะฑะปะธะพั‚ะตะบะฐ ั ัƒะฝะธะบะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะผะธ ะฐั€ั…ะธะฒะฐะผะธ. ะœะตัั‚ะพ, ะณะดะต ั€ัƒััะบะฐั ะดัƒัˆะฐ ั‡ัƒะฒัั‚ะฒัƒะตั‚ ัะตะฑั ะฝะต ะฒ ะณะพัั‚ัั…, ะฐ ะดะพะผะฐ.

    ๐Ÿ—ฟ Musรฉe Zadkine: ะœะฐัั‚ะตั€ัะบะฐั ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ัะบัƒะปัŒะฟั‚ะพั€ะฐ

    ะกั€ะตะดะธ ัƒัŽั‚ะฝั‹ั… ัƒะปะพั‡ะตะบ ะกะตะฝ-ะ–ะตั€ะผะตะฝ-ะดะต-ะŸั€ะต ัะบั€ั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚ัั ะฝะตะฑะพะปัŒัˆะพะน ะพัะพะฑะฝัะบ ั ัะฐะดะพะผ โ€“ ะฑั‹ะฒัˆะฐั ะผะฐัั‚ะตั€ัะบะฐั ะžัะธะฟะฐ ะฆะฐะดะบะธะฝะฐ, ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ัะบัƒะปัŒะฟั‚ะพั€ะฐ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ั‹ะน ะฟั€ะธะตั…ะฐะป ะฒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ ะฒ 1910 ะณะพะดัƒ ะธ ัั‚ะฐะป ะบะปะฐััะธะบะพะผ ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะณะพ ะผะพะดะตั€ะฝะธะทะผะฐ.

    ะœัƒะทะตะน ะฑั‹ะป ะพั‚ะบั€ั‹ั‚ ะฒ 1982 ะณะพะดัƒ ะฟะพัะปะต ั‚ะพะณะพ, ะบะฐะบ ะฒะดะพะฒะฐ ะฆะฐะดะบะธะฝะฐ, ะ’ะฐะปะตะฝั‚ะธะฝะฐ ะŸั€ะฐะบั, ะทะฐะฒะตั‰ะฐะปะฐ ัั‚ะพั‚ ะดะพะผ ะธ ัั‚ัƒะดะธัŽ ะณะพั€ะพะดัƒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถัƒ. ะ—ะดะตััŒ ะฒั‹ัั‚ะฐะฒะปะตะฝะพ ะพะบะพะปะพ 300 ั€ะฐะฑะพั‚ โ€“ ะพั‚ ะผะพะฝัƒะผะตะฝั‚ะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ั… ัะบัƒะปัŒะฟั‚ัƒั€ ะดะพ ััะบะธะทะพะฒ ะธ ะณะพะฑะตะปะตะฝะพะฒ.

    ะฆะฐะดะบะธะฝ โ€“ ั„ะธะณัƒั€ะฐ ัƒะฝะธะบะฐะปัŒะฝะฐั: ะตะณะพ ัะบัะฟั€ะตััะธะฒะฝะฐั, ะธะฝะพะณะดะฐ ะฟะพั‡ั‚ะธ ะดั€ะฐะผะฐั‚ะธั‡ะตัะบะฐั ะผะฐะฝะตั€ะฐ ะณะปัƒะฑะพะบะพ ัƒะบะพั€ะตะฝะตะฝะฐ ะฒ ั‚ั€ะฐะดะธั†ะธัั… ั€ัƒััะบะพะณะพ ะฐะฒะฐะฝะณะฐั€ะดะฐ, ะฝะพ ะฟั€ะธ ัั‚ะพะผ ะพะฝ ะฑั‹ะป ะฝะตะพั‚ัŠะตะผะปะตะผะพะน ั‡ะฐัั‚ัŒัŽ ะฟะฐั€ะธะถัะบะพะน ัˆะบะพะปั‹. ะ’ ัั‚ะพะผ ะผัƒะทะตะต ะผะพะถะฝะพ ัƒะฒะธะดะตั‚ัŒ, ะบะฐะบ ยซั€ัƒััะบะธะน ะดัƒั…ยป ะฟะตั€ะตะฟะปะฐะฒะปัะตั‚ัั ะฒ ัƒะฝะธะฒะตั€ัะฐะปัŒะฝั‹ะน ัะทั‹ะบ ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน ัะบัƒะปัŒะฟั‚ัƒั€ั‹. ะญั‚ะพ ะธะดะตะฐะปัŒะฝะพะต ะผะตัั‚ะพ ะดะปั ั‚ะตั…, ะบั‚ะพ ั…ะพั‡ะตั‚ ะฟั€ะธะบะพัะฝัƒั‚ัŒัั ะบ ะธัะบัƒััั‚ะฒัƒ ะฑะตะท ั‚ะพะปะฟ ั‚ัƒั€ะธัั‚ะพะฒ.

    ะ—ะฐะบะปัŽั‡ะตะฝะธะต

    ะกะฒัะทะธ ะ ะพััะธะธ ะธ ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ะธะธ ัะบะปะฐะดั‹ะฒะฐะปะฐััŒ ะฒะตะบะฐะผะธ. ะŸั‘ั‚ั€ I, ะฟั€ะพั€ัƒะฑะฐั ะพะบะฝะพ ะฒ ะ•ะฒั€ะพะฟัƒ, ะพั€ะธะตะฝั‚ะธั€ะพะฒะฐะปัั ะฝะฐ ะ’ะตั€ัะฐะปัŒ. ะ•ะบะฐั‚ะตั€ะธะฝะฐ II ะฒะตะปะฐ ะฟะตั€ะตะฟะธัะบัƒ ั ะ’ะพะปัŒั‚ะตั€ะพะผ ะธ ะ”ะธะดั€ะพ ะฝะฐ ะธั… ั€ะพะดะฝะพะผ ัะทั‹ะบะต. ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทัะบะธะน ัะทั‹ะบ ะฝะฐะดะพะปะณะพ ัั‚ะฐะป ัะทั‹ะบะพะผ ะดะธะฟะปะพะผะฐั‚ะธะธ, ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ั‹ ะธ ัะฒะตั‚ัะบะพะณะพ ะพะฑั‰ะตะฝะธั ะฟะตั‚ะตั€ะฑัƒั€ะณัะบะธั… ะณะพัั‚ะธะฝั‹ั… ะธ ะฒะตะฝัะบะธั… ะบะพะฝะณั€ะตััะพะฒ.

    ะะพ ะพั‚ะฝะพัˆะตะฝะธั ะดะฒัƒั… ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝ ะฝะธะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฝะต ะฑั‹ะปะธ ะฑะตะทะพะฑะปะฐั‡ะฝั‹ะผะธ. ะ’ 1812 ะณะพะดัƒ ะะฐะฟะพะปะตะพะฝ ะฒะทัะป ะœะพัะบะฒัƒ, ะฐ ัƒะถะต ะฒ 1814 ะณะพะดัƒ ั€ัƒััะบะธะต ะฒะพะนัะบะฐ ะดะพัˆะปะธ ะดะพ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะฐ. ะกะฟัƒัั‚ั ะฟะพะปะฒะตะบะฐ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทั‹ ะธ ะฐะฝะณะปะธั‡ะฐะฝะต ะพัะฐะถะดะฐะปะธ ะกะตะฒะฐัั‚ะพะฟะพะปัŒ ะฒ ะšั€ั‹ะผัะบัƒัŽ ะฒะพะนะฝัƒ. ะ’ ะŸะตั€ะฒัƒัŽ ะผะธั€ะพะฒัƒัŽ ะผั‹ ัั€ะฐะถะฐะปะธััŒ ะฟะปะตั‡ะพะผ ะบ ะฟะปะตั‡ัƒ, ะฐ ั€ัƒััะบะธะน ัะบัะฟะตะดะธั†ะธะพะฝะฝั‹ะน ะบะพั€ะฟัƒั ะพัั‚ะฐะฒะธะป ัะฒะพะน ัะปะตะด ะฝะฐ ะฟะพะปัั… ะจะฐะผะฟะฐะฝะธ. ะ’ะพ ะ’ั‚ะพั€ะพะน ะผะธั€ะพะฒะพะน ะปั‘ั‚ั‡ะธะบะธ ะฟะพะปะบะฐ ยซะะพั€ะผะฐะฝะดะธั โ€” ะะตะผะฐะฝยป ะดะตะปะธะปะธ ะฝะตะฑะพ ั ัะพะฒะตั‚ัะบะธะผะธ ะฐัะฐะผะธ, ะธ ะธั… ะฟะฐะผัั‚ัŒ ัƒะฒะตะบะพะฒะตั‡ะตะฝะฐ ะฟะพะด ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะตะผ, ะฒ ะœะพัะบะฒะต, ะ˜ะฒะฐะฝะพะฒะพ ะธ ะšะฐะปะธะฝะธะฝะณั€ะฐะดะต. ะญั‚ะธ ะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะต ัะฟะธะทะพะดั‹ โ€” ะปะธัˆัŒ ะฒะตั…ะธ ะดะพะปะณะพะณะพ ะธ ัะปะพะถะฝะพะณะพ ะดะธะฐะปะพะณะฐ, ะณะดะต ะบะพะฝั„ะปะธะบั‚ ัะผะตะฝัะปัั ัะพัŽะทะพะผ, ะฐ ัะพัŽะท โ€” ะฝะพะฒั‹ะผ ะฟั€ะพั‚ะธะฒะพัั‚ะพัะฝะธะตะผ.

    ะกัƒะดัŒะฑะฐ ะดะฒัƒั… ะณะพััƒะดะฐั€ัั‚ะฒ ะฒ ะะพะฒะพะต ะฒั€ะตะผั ัƒะดะธะฒะธั‚ะตะปัŒะฝะพ ัั…ะพะถะฐ. ะคั€ะฐะฝั†ะธั ะฟั€ะพัˆะปะฐ ั‡ะตั€ะตะท ะฐะฑัะพะปัŽั‚ะธะทะผ, ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธัŽ, ะธะผะฟะตั€ะธัŽ ะธ ั€ะตัั‚ะฐะฒั€ะฐั†ะธัŽ. ะ ะพััะธั โ€” ั‡ะตั€ะตะท ัะฐะผะพะดะตั€ะถะฐะฒะธะต, ั€ะตะฒะพะปัŽั†ะธัŽ, ั‚ะพั‚ะฐะปะธั‚ะฐั€ะธะทะผ. ะžะฑะต ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝั‹ ะฟะตั€ะตะถะธะปะธ ั‚ั€ะฐะฒะผั‹ ะธ ะฒะทะปั‘ั‚ั‹, ะพะฑะต ะธัะบะฐะปะธ ัะฒะพะน ะฟัƒั‚ัŒ ะฒ XIX ะธ XX ะฒะตะบะฐั…. ะŸะตั€ะตัะตั‡ะตะฝะธะต ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธั‡ะตัะบะธั… ั‚ั€ะฐะตะบั‚ะพั€ะธะน ัะพะทะดะฐะปะพ ะฝะตะทั€ะธะผัƒัŽ ะฝะธั‚ัŒ, ะบะพั‚ะพั€ะฐั ัะฒัะทั‹ะฒะฐะตั‚ ัะตะณะพะดะฝััˆะฝะตะณะพ ะฟะฐั€ะธะถะฐะฝะธะฝะฐ ะธ ะผะพัะบะฒะธั‡ะฐ.

    ะ ัƒััะบะฐั ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ะฐ ะฒะฟะปะตั‚ะตะฝะฐ ะฒ ั‚ะบะฐะฝัŒ ั„ั€ะฐะฝั†ัƒะทัะบะพะน ัั‚ะพะปะธั†ั‹ ั‚ะฐะบ ะถะต ะฟะปะพั‚ะฝะพ, ะบะฐะบ ะฐะฝะณะปะธะนัะบะธะต ะฟะฐั€ะบะธ ะธะปะธ ะธั‚ะฐะปัŒัะฝัะบะธะต ะพะฟะตั€ั‹. ะ ัƒััะบะธะน ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ โ€“ ัั‚ะพ ะพั‰ัƒั‰ะตะฝะธะต, ะบะพะณะดะฐ ะฒั‹ ัั‚ะพะธั‚ะต ัƒ ะผะตั‚ั€ะพ Crimรฉe ะธะปะธ ะฑั€ะตะดั‘ั‚ะต ะฟะพ ั‚ะธั…ะธะผ ะฐะปะปะตัะผ ะŸะฐััะธ ะธ ะพัะพะทะฝะฐั‘ั‚ะต, ั‡ั‚ะพ ัั‚ะฐ ัั‚ั€ะฐะฝะฐ ัั‚ะฐะปะฐ ะดะพะผะพะผ ะดะปั ั‚ะตั…, ะบั‚ะพ ะฟะพั‚ะตั€ัะป ั€ะพะดะธะฝัƒ.

    ะ˜ ะตัะปะธ ะฒั‹ ะฟั€ะธะตะดะตั‚ะต ะฒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถ ะบะฐะบ ะธััะปะตะดะพะฒะฐั‚ะตะปัŒ ัั‚ะพะน ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธะธ, ะณะพั€ะพะด ะทะฐะณะพะฒะพั€ะธั‚ ั ะฒะฐะผะธ ัะทั‹ะบะพะผ ะดะพะบัƒะผะตะฝั‚ะพะฒ, ะฟะธัะตะผ ะธ ะดะฝะตะฒะฝะธะบะพะฒ. ะะฐ ั„ะฐัะฐะดะฐั… ะฒั‹ ัƒะฒะธะดะธั‚ะต ัะปะตะดั‹ ััƒะดะตะฑ, ะฝะฐ ะบะปะฐะดะฑะธั‰ะฐั… – ะปัŽะดะตะน, ะฐ ะฒ ะผัƒะทะตัั… – ะพั‚ะณะพะปะพัะบะธ ะฟั€ะพัˆะปะพะณะพ. ะฃ ะตะฒั€ะพะฟะตะนัะบะพะน ะบัƒะปัŒั‚ัƒั€ั‹ ะฝะตั‚ ะฝะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฐะปัŒะฝะพัั‚ะธ, ะฝะพ ะตัั‚ัŒ ะดัƒัˆะฐ. ะ˜ ะฒ ะŸะฐั€ะธะถะต ะพะฝะฐ ั‡ะฐัั‚ะพ ะณะพะฒะพั€ะธั‚ ะฟะพ-ั€ัƒััะบะธ.

  • ๐Ÿ› Kyustendil, Bulgaria

    ๐Ÿ› Kyustendil, Bulgaria

    At Kyustendil, you can find many attractions, from ancient Thracian settlements to Roman spas and medieval fortresses; this city has been a crossroads of civilisations. Donโ€™t miss:

    • ๐Ÿบ Pautalia Roman Baths (2nd century CE)
    • ๐Ÿฐ Hisarlaka Fortress (Roman & medieval ruins)
    • ๐Ÿ–ผ Vladimir Dimitrov Art Gallery
    • ๐Ÿ•Œ Ottoman-era mosques like Ahmed Bey & Fatih Mehmet
    • ๐ŸŒณ Mineral springs & scenic orchards

    Kyustendil’s history dates back over 8,000 years, with evidence of Thracian settlements as early as the 5th-4th centuries BC. The Thracians, attracted by the areaโ€™s mineral springs, established a settlement known for its asclepion, a shrine dedicated to Asclepius, the god of medicine. This was the second-largest such shrine in the Balkans, after Epidaurus.

    Under Roman rule, the city was known as Pautalia (later Ulpia Pautalia under Emperor Trajan) and became an important administrative and spa centre in the province of Thrace. The Romans built extensive thermal baths (2ndโ€“3rd centuries AD), whose ruins remain today.

    During the Middle Ages, the city was renamed Velbazhd and became a key strategic and religious centre under the Byzantine and Bulgarian Empires. It was the seat of the Dejanoviฤ‡ noble family and briefly served as an independent principality under Constantine Dragash, whose legacy includes being the grandfather of the last Roman emperor, Constantine XI, and the great-great-grandfather of Ivan the Terrible of Russia.

    The Ottomans conquered Kyustendil in the late 14th century, and it became a military and administrative capital of Rumelia. The city featured four gates leading to major regions like Niลก and Istanbul. Ottoman-era landmarks include the Ahmed Bey Mosque (15th century) and the Fatih Mehmed Mosque (16th century), though many of the original 17 mosques did not survive. The Ottomans also built hammams, such as the Dervish Bath (1566) and Chifte Bath*(1489), blending Roman and Ottoman spa traditions.

    Kyustendil served as Bulgariaโ€™s military capital during World War I. Notably, Adolf Hitler was treated here for injuries in 1916โ€“1917 while serving on the Macedonian front. The city also played a role in World War II: Dimitar Peshev, a local politician, helped save Bulgarian Jews from deportation, a story documented in the House Museum of Dimitar Peshev.

    Kyustendilโ€™s mineral springs have been central to its identity for centuries, attracting visitors from ancient times to today. The city is also known as “Bulgariaโ€™s orchard” due to its extensive fruit production. Cultural sites include the Vladimir Dimitrov-Maystora Art Gallery, dedicated to a renowned Bulgarian artist, and the Pinzurska House Museum, showcasing National Revival-era architecture.

    Perfect blend of history, culture, and nature!

  • ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ Hangzhou: the Lake Capital of China ๐Ÿฎ

    ๐Ÿ‡จ๐Ÿ‡ณ Hangzhou: the Lake Capital of China ๐Ÿฎ

    Hangzhou is a relatively unknown destination for a foreign tourist in China. However, it only makes the city better. Forget what you know about modern metropolises. The Southern Song Dynasty (ๅ—ๅฎ‹) had its capital in Lin’an (ไธดๅฎ‰), present-day Hangzhou, from 1129 AD until the dynasty’s fall in 1279 AD, a period of 150 years. Dubbed “Heaven on Earth”, itโ€™s a city where tranquil West Lake reflects pagodas, ancient temples nestle in misty hills, and a vibrant history is woven into every street.

    West Lake

    The city’s poetic heart, inspiration for artists for over a millennium. A walk around the lake will easily take more than 10 kilometers. That is, with shortcuts such as Yunqi Bamboo Path (ไบ‘ๆ –็ซนๅพ„), a human-made road that cuts the lake in half.

    Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2011, West Lake is celebrated as a “classic example” of the Chinese philosophy of harmony between humans and nature. For over a thousand years, its beauty, crafted by both natural evolution and human care, has been the muse for poets, painters, and emperors.

    West Lake began as a shallow bay over 2,000 years ago. Its iconic landscape is the result of centuries of thoughtful human cultivation. The lake’s enduring appeal is perfectly captured by the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi: “The West Lake is like a lovely lady, whether modestly or lavishly dressed, she is always a sight to behold.”

    To navigate around the lake and the wider scenic area, follow the “Ten Scenic Views” that offer stunning perspectives through the seasons. Key spots include:

    • Three Pools Mirroring the Moon (ไธ‰ๆฝญๅฐๆœˆ). It offers a view of the iconic stone pagodas that appear on the 1 RMB note.
    • Su Causeway (่‹ๅ ค) & Bai Causeway (็™ฝๅ ค) are serene walkways lined with willow and peach trees, perfect for a lakeside stroll.
    • Broken Bridge (ๆ–ญๆกฅ) is famous for its winter “Melting Snow” scene and its connection to the classic Legend of the White Snake.

    Most of the histocal attractions of Hangzhou are located in the nearby vicinity of the lake: for example, ancient temples like Lingyin Temple, the Yue Fei Temple (Tomb of General Yue Fei), and the ancient Leifeng Pagoda.

    City God Pavillion and Wushan Hill

    City God Pavillion (also known as Chenghuangge, or the Wushan Scenic Area – Town God Pavilion Scenic Area) is a key cultural and viewing destination in Hangzhou located on the hill by the lake. Its main draw is the panoramic view of West Lake, the city, the Qiantang River, and surrounding mountains from the top of Wushan Hill (ๅดๅฑฑ).

    Chenghuang Pavilion (ๅŸŽ้š้˜) located on top of the hill, is a 7-story (41.6m tall) pagoda-style pavilion. The current Chenghuang Pavilion was built on the historic site of the old City God Temple, continuing its cultural legacy. It blends Song and Yuan dynasty styles and houses cultural exhibits like the “Southern Song Dynasty Hangzhou Customs” mural.

    The hill also features City God Temple (ๅŸŽ้šๅบ™), which is a a historic Daoist temple complex with origins in the Southern Song Dynasty.

    To visit the Wushan Hill, travel to the Wushan Square metro station, start with the Hefang Street, Drum Tower, and Southern Song Imperial Street and walk up the hill after that.

    Hefang Street, Drum Tower, and Southern Song Imperial Street

    Hefang Street, Drum Tower, and Southern Song Imperial Street form the historic core of Hangzhou’s old city.

    Southern Song Imperial Street is a historic 4185-meter central axis of the Southern Song Capital, transformed into a “museum street” with water features and underground ruins displays.

    Drum Tower is a historical gate tower and city landmark, rebuilt in 2002 on a 1,000-year-old site. It once marked the divide between the imperial city and the public market.

    Hefang Street is a lively pedestrian street with origins in the Southern Song era, lined with century-old shops and food stalls. Now it’s bustling with commerce and food.

    Hangzhou Confucian Temple

    By the same metro station, you can find the Hangzhou Confucian Temple (ๆญๅทžๅญ”ๅบ™), locally called the “Stele Forest” (็ข‘ๆž—, Beilin) due to its impressive collection of over 500 ancient stone steles, is located. This temple is a major historical and cultural site, with its origins tracing back to the Southern Song Dynasty (1127โ€“1279). originally established as the Lin’an Prefecture Academy (ไธดๅฎ‰ๅบœๅญฆ) in 1131.

    The temple’s Stele collection is its main highlight, featuring steles spanning from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) , including 85 Imperial Steles from the Southern Song, personally inscribed by Emperor Gaozong (Zhao Gou), the founding emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. This is the only preserved collection of its kind written by an emperor.

    The temple is divided into three main areas you can explore. West Area (Confucius Temple) has the main Dacheng Hall (ๅคงๆˆๆฎฟ), featuring well-preserved Qing Dynasty architecture and paintings. Central Area is the Stele Forest with long stele corridors (over 300 meters) housing the collection of over 500 steles. East Area is Jiangnan Garden, a classical Chinese garden with pavilions like the Stone Classics Pavilion, offering a tranquil space.

    ๐Ÿฏ Leifeng Pagoda

    Today’s Leifeng Pagoda is a 71.6-meter-tall 21st-century tower built directly over the ruins of the ancient one. The original pagoda had a long and tumultuous history. It was built by the King of the Wuyue Kingdom to celebrate the birth of a son in 977 AD. It was damaged by war in the 12th century and severely burned by pirates in the Ming Dynasty (16th century), which destroyed its wooden components. Due to structural weakening from theft and weathering, the pagoda finally collapsed on September 25, 1924. After major archaeological excavations from 2000-2001, the current pagoda was rebuilt and opened in October 2002.

    The pagoda’s fame stems from two powerful cultural elements:

    The Legend of the White Snake. According to the legend, the monk Fahai imprisoned the snake spirit Bai Suzhen (Lady White) underneath Leifeng Pagoda to separate her from her mortal husband. This tale is a core part of the visitor experience embodied through decor.

    “Leifeng Pagoda in Evening Glow” (้›ทๅณฐๅค•็…ง) is one of the Ten Scenic Views of West Lake. The sight of the pagoda bathed in the golden light of sunset is iconic. For the best view of this scene, visitors often go to the nearby Long Bridge.

    Lingyin Temple and Feilai Peak

    Lingyin Temple (็ต้šๅฏบ) and the adjacent Feilai Peak (้ฃžๆฅๅณฐ) form one of Hangzhou’s most important Buddhist cultural complexes located north-west of the West Lake. Founded in 326 AD, the temple is one of China’s oldest and most significant Zen (Chan) Buddhist temples, while the peak is an open-air museum of ancient rock carvings.

    The temple flourished as an imperial sanctuary during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127โ€“1279) when Hangzhou was the capital. Emperors frequently visited for ceremonies and governance. The temple you see today was significantly rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty after a visit by Emperor Kangxi, who inscribed its name.

    Lingyin Temple features:

    • Hall of the Heavenly Kings, first main hall, that houses a large Laughing Buddha and a statue of Skanda, a Tang Dynasty guardian figure;
    • Mahavira Hall (Grand Hall), the temple’s centerpiece, that features a 24.8-meter-tall gilded camphor wood statue of Sakyamuni Buddha.
    • Hall of Ji Gong (Crazy Monk) that honors the legendary eccentric monk Ji Gong, a folk hero associated with the temple.

    At Feilai Peak, one may see over 340 ancient buddhist rock carvings in grottoes and cliffs dating from the 10th to 14th centuries and The Laughing Maitreya Buddha, the largest and most famous carving on the peak, a 5.3-meter-tall, joyful Buddha statue from the Song Dynasty.

    Don’t forget to reserve tickets for the Feilai Peak Scenic Area beforehand online, since the site has massive queues at on-site ticket office and tickets may be not available.

    Longjing Tea Plantations

    Hangzhou is the home of China’s most famous green tea, a short trip away from the plantations. Learn to pick and fry tea leaves in a sea of green terraces.

    Grand Canal

    Grand Canal is the world’s longest ans oldest man-made canal, with a history spanning over 2,500 years. Its construction linked northern and southern China, allowing for the transport of grain, commodities, and troops, which was vital for imperial administration and economic prosperity. For Hangzhou, becoming the canal’s southern endpoint during the Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE) cemented its status as a critical trade and cultural hub, fueling the growth and splendor you saw during the Southern Song period. Nowadays, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which can be seen both in Hangzhou in the south and Beijing in the north. The southern terminus of this 1,794-kilometer canal has shaped Hangzhou’s development for centuries.

    To see the Canal in Hangzhou, travel to Qiaoxi Historical & Cultural Block, the core preservation area by the canal. It’s home to a landmark stone arch Gongchen Bridge, several unique museums, and traditional architecture. Xiaohe Direct Street (Xiaohe Zhijie) is a well-preserved ancient street that captures the essence of an old canal-side town with traditional houses, shops, and cafes. At Wulinmen Wharf, you can take Canal Boat Tours and Water Buses.

    The canal is an open scenic area, so you can visit anytime. For a richer experience, plan for half a day to leisurely walk the historic blocks, visit a museum, and take a short boat ride.

    Hangzhou New City

    Hangzhou’s modern skyline offers a dramatic contrast to its ancient West Lake scenery. The city’s skyscrapers are primarily concentrated in two adjacent, bustling districts on the north bank of the Qiantang River: Qianjiang New City and Qianjiang Century City. These districts represent Hangzhou’s contemporary ambition. Qianjiang New City is the city’s official Central Business District (CBD), featuring a futuristic skyline illuminated by spectacular light shows. Just across the river, Qianjiang Century City is a newer development anchored by the city’s tallest twin towers.

    Go for “Golden Hour” (shortly before sunset) to see the buildings glow, or after dark for the light shows. Enjoy a stroll along the Qiantang River promenade for the best panoramic views of the skyline.


    Hangzhou is more than a city or a collection of scenic spots. For over a millennium, the concept of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature has been consciously cultivated here, transforming the landscape into what UNESCO recognizes as an ideal model of Chinese aesthetic philosophy. West Lake is a masterpiece of “consciously designed landscape” that has been “improved upon by poets, scholars, and emperors since the 9th century” to achieve its celebrated beauty.

    This spirit of harmony defines every corner of the “Lake Capital.” From the ancient Buddhist grottoes of Feilai Peak, where art is carved directly into nature, to the Longjing tea terraces that sculpt the hills into productive beauty, Hangzhou demonstrates how human activity can enhance rather than diminish the natural world. The Grand Canal stands as the ultimate testament to this, a monumental feat of engineering that connected the nation and nourished a civilization, all while becoming an organic part of the waterscape.

    The history inscribed on the Confucian Temple’s steles, the prayers whispered in Lingyin Temple, and the daily rhythms of life along Hefang Street are all part of a continuous story. Hangzhou is an invitation to wander, to contemplate, and to experience firsthand why this city has been revered for centuries as China’s “Heaven on Earth.” Itโ€™s an encounter with the soul of a culture that has long sought, and found, perfect balance.

  • ๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡ฟ Baku, Azerbaijan

    ๐Ÿ‡ฆ๐Ÿ‡ฟ Baku, Azerbaijan

    Step into Baku, a captivating city on the shores of the Caspian Sea where ancient history and hyper-modern architecture meet.

    ๐Ÿฐ Old City (Icherisheher): Explore this UNESCO World Heritage site with its labyrinth of narrow streets, home to the Maiden Tower and the Palace of the Shirvanshahs, a dynasty that once ruled whole of Persia.

    ๐ŸŽจ Modern Marvels: Admire the iconic Flame Towers and the stunning architecture of the Heydar Aliyev Centre.

    ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Paris of the Caucasus: Stroll through the city center to see the elegant, eclectic architecture. Wide, walkable boulevards like Istiglaliyyat Street are lined with pastel-colored mansions and civic buildings that give the city its Parisian flair.

    ๐Ÿ›ข๏ธ Oil Heritage: Discover the legacy of the world’s first oil boom. See the area in Bibi-Heybat where the first industrial oil well was drilled in 1846. The city’s story is shaped by oil barons like Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev and the Nobel brothers.

    Transport tip: Baku features an extensive subway system and 24/7 airport shuttle buses starting from the central railway station.

    Baku is a city of contrasts, offering a unique blend of the old and the new, just waiting to be explored!

  • ๐Ÿญ Yekaterinburg, Russia

    ๐Ÿญ Yekaterinburg, Russia

    Looking beyond the classic Golden Ring cities? Head east to Ekaterinburg, Russia‘s fourth-largest city and the historical “Gateway to Siberia.” Founded in 1723 as a strategic industrial hub on orders from Peter the Great, this city witnessed one of the 20th century’s defining moments: the execution of the last Russian Tsar, Nicholas II, and his family in 1918.

    During the Soviet era, Ekaterinburg, then known as Sverdlovsk, was transformed from a historic industrial city into a closed administrative and industrial powerhouse, known as “the industrial capital of the Urals”, crucial to the USSR‘s economy and security. Due to its concentration of strategic defense industries, the city was closed to foreigners for decades. It was also a key node on the Trans-Siberian Railway, cementing its status as a vital logistical hub connecting European Russia with Siberia.

    Beyond industry, Sverdlovsk was a significant hub for science and culture with the presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and a renowned opera and ballet theater. The city is also noted for its Constructivist architecture from the 1920s and 1930s.

    A key symbol of its enduring importance is the Yekaterinburg Metro. Opened in April 1991, it was the thirteenth and final metro system inaugurated in the USSR. Its stations, like Geologicheskaya, decorated with Ural gemstones, were designed as “palaces for the people,” reflecting classic Soviet values even as the state neared its end.

    The Soviet legacy directly shaped the turbulent post-Soviet 1990s. The collapse of the command economy led to chaos, with infamous gang wars erupting among groups like the “Uralmash” gang for control over former state assets. In 1991, the city reverted to its historical name, Yekaterinburg.

    Today, Yekaterinburg is a vibrant metropolis where this layered past meets modern energy, all set against the backdrop of the Ural Mountains.

    ๐Ÿ”‘ Key Attractions:

    • The Church on the Blood: Built on the exact site of the Romanov execution, this stunning modern church is a profound memorial to the tragic end of imperial Russia.
    • Vysotsky Skyscraper: For a complete contrast, ascend to the observation deck on the 52nd floor for breathtaking panoramic views of the sprawling city and the distant Urals.
    • Plotinka (The Historic Dam): This is where the city began. The stone dam on the Iset River created the city pond and powered its first ironworks. It’s now the favorite promenade for locals.
    • The Yeltsin Center: A modern museum dedicated to Boris Yeltsin, the first President of Russia who began his career here. It’s a fascinating, high-tech deep dive into the country’s recent history.
    • Sevastyanov House: Marvel at this ornate, Gothic-Revival mansion on the city pondโ€”it’s arguably the most beautiful building in Yekaterinburg and a symbol of its 19th-century merchant wealth.

    โœˆ๏ธ Travel Tip: Don’t miss the chance to take a short trip to the Europe-Asia Border Monument just outside the city and stand with a foot on each continent. The best time to visit is during the mild summers.

    Ready to explore the Ural capital?

  • Samarkand as a modern city

    Samarkand as a modern city

    Samarkand in the Uzbek SSR, was a place where imperial history, scientific modernization, and a new national narrative collided. For 70 years, the USSR transformed this Silk Road jewel.

    ๐Ÿ™๏ธ A City Remodeled
    The Soviets introduced a new urban grid with wide boulevards and apartment blocks, reshaping the traditional neighborhood structure. This period was one of significant “modernisation,” which altered the city’s social fabric and demographics.

    ๐ŸŽญ What to See: Layers of History
    Visiting today, you walk through these historical layers. Key sites and legacies from this era include:

    • Soviet-Era Restoration: The iconic monuments you see today, including the Registan Square madrasas and the Gur Emir mausoleum, owe much to extensive Soviet restoration projects that began in the 1920s.
    • The Scientific Legacy: The Ulugh Beg Observatory, a 15th-century site of groundbreaking astronomy, was excavated and studied by Soviet archaeologists.
    • Urban Layout: The contrast between the old city and the orderly, planned districts built during the Soviet era is itself a key attraction, telling a story of 20th-century urban design.

    ๐ŸŒŸ Travel Insight
    Samarkand in the Soviet years was a project to restore a glorious past, to build a modern city, and to redefine a Central Asian identity within a communist framework. To understand modern Uzbekistan, understanding this chapter is essential.

  • ๐Ÿ•Œ Samarkand, Uzbekistan

    ๐Ÿ•Œ Samarkand, Uzbekistan

    Samarkand, Uzbekistan, is a crossroads of world cultures for millennia, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that will leave you speechless. Founded in the 7th century BC, its story was shaped by Alexander the Great, nearly destroyed by Genghis Khan, and rebuilt into a dazzling capital by the conqueror Tamerlane in the 14th century. This is the heart of the ancient Silk Road.

    ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Must-See Wonders:

    • Registan Square: The soul of the city. Gaze in awe at the three towering, mosaic-covered madrasahsโ€”itโ€™s a masterpiece of Islamic architecture.
    • Gur Emir Mausoleum: The final resting place of Tamerlane himself. This majestic tomb, with its iconic fluted azure dome, inspired later wonders like India’s Taj Mahal.
    • Shah-i-Zinda: A street of breathtaking mausoleums known as the “Necropolis of the Living King.” The corridor of blue-tiled tombs is arguably the city’s most photogenic spot.
    • Bibi-Khanym Mosque: Built by Tamerlaneโ€™s order, this once colossal mosque speaks of imperial power and features a famous legend about a queen and an architect.

    Ready to walk through history?

  • ๐Ÿ•Œ Khiva, Uzbekistan

    ๐Ÿ•Œ Khiva, Uzbekistan

    Khiva, Uzbekistan, is a living museum on the Silk Road! Long before the arrival of Uzbek tribes, Khorezm region, together with Khiva, was the center of an ancient Iranian-speaking civilization with advanced irrigation, own culture, and Zoroastrian traditions. Deserts acted as a natural barrier, isolating Khorezm from the major centers of Transoxiana (like Samarkand and Bukhara) to the east and the steppe nomads to the north. It developed as a self-sufficient, irrigated agricultural state, capable of sustaining itself without relying on its neighbors.

    ๐Ÿฐ Ichan Kala: Lose yourself within the towering, sun-dried brick walls of this inner fortress. A UNESCO World Heritage site, it’s a perfectly preserved city-within-a-city, where every corner reveals a historic mosque, madrasah, or bustling market.

    ๐Ÿ•Œ Kalta Minor Minaret: You can’t miss this iconic, unfinished minaret, covered in a breathtaking mosaic of turquoise tiles. It was intended to be the tallest in the Islamic world, but its construction was halted in the 19th century, leaving a uniquely stunning landmark.

    ๐Ÿ› Nurullaboy Saroyi: Discover the city’s “new” palace, a 20th-century complex built for the last Khan of Khiva. It blends traditional Khorezm architecture with elegant European influences, showcasing ornate halls and a beautiful harem section.

    โœˆ๏ธ๐Ÿš‹ Getting There: You can reach Khiva from the international airport of Urgench. From there, take a taxi or a trolleybus ride. Alternatively, you can get to Khiva with a train from Bukhara through picturesque Kyzylkum desert.

    A journey to Khiva is a journey back in time! ๐Ÿซ

  • ๐ŸŒ† Urgench, Uzbekistan

    ๐ŸŒ† Urgench, Uzbekistan

    Nestled along the great Amu Darya River in Uzbekistan, this vibrant city is the perfect gateway to the ancient UNESCO wonders of Khiva.

    โœˆ๏ธ Your journey begins at Urgench International Airport (UGC), a key hub with flights connecting to cities like Baku, Moscow, and Rome.

    ๐Ÿ›ฃ Stroll along the city’s spacious, tree-lined boulevards, a world away from the ancient Silk Road.

    ๐Ÿ˜ Experience local life in its many neighbourhoods, from the bustling “Shodlik” and “Istiklol” to the quiet, tree-lined streets of “Gulchilar” and “Nurli Hayot”.

    Urgench is a good stop-over for a day.